Financial Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Money related Crisis - Essay Example ese foundations have wrongly surveyed the degree of danger of their activities and uncovered their business, just as different partners to gigantic misfortunes. This conduct was empowered by FICO assessment offices, which because of certain irreconcilable circumstances, bombed in accurately making a decision about the degree of danger of huge numbers of these foundations, and downsized some of them when it was past the point where it is possible to have any kind of effect. Other reason which leaded to the breakdown of the monetary framework was a mix of exorbitant getting, higher hazard taking, and absence of straightforwardness. Major U.S. banks bombed in their evaluation of hazard by taking an excess of influence, by giving credit too effectively, and by not unveiling accurately all the data of their activities to the general population. The administration assumed additionally a job in this money related emergency. By not taking the fitting activities to stop this emergency, the administration just made more frenzy and vulnerability in the money related markets. It additionally bombed in guaranteeing that controllers are carrying out their responsibility equitably, and to the greatest advantage of all gatherings in the budgetary markets. At last, the emergency can likewise be ascribed to contract securitization and to over-the-counter subordinates (for the most part to credit default trades). The multifaceted nature of these instruments, and above all else the absence of guideline in this issue caused an affixed disappointment of the whole money related

Import and Export Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Import and Export - Essay Example Because of high GDP per capita salary Kuwait is an appealing business sector for extravagance and very good quality vehicles. Kuwait vigorously relies upon bringing in vehicles from different nations because of absence of assembling offices and the estimation of auto imports rose to 23% during 2012 (Kuwaitstay, 1). We are concentrating on sending out extravagance vehicle portion as its interest is extremely solid in Kuwait. In Kuwait because of significant expense of creation on account of absence of assets and significant expense of work, producing offices for vehicles are not beneficial, thusly practically all vehicles are imported from different nations (Kuwaitstay, 1). Our vehicles have extraordinary interest everywhere throughout the world and in Kuwait due to excellent, building and economies of scale underway. 2. Coordinations foundation components critical to our fare and their importance. Framework coordinations components that are essential to fare of extravagance vehicles in Kuwait are transportation and correspondence offices, open utilities, banking administrations and retail dispersion channels alongside nearness of good quality court framework, assurance of licensed innovation rights and norms (David and Stewart, 41). 2.1 Transportation foundation : Good Transportation offices are significant in light of the fact that universal development of merchandise is exceptionally influenced by framework without which shipment faces delays, stock gets harmed and prompts improperly bundled item. If there should be an occurrence of extravagance vehicles quality and time is most extreme significant and any postponement or imperfection won't go on without serious consequences by the client and results in tremendous misfortune to the organization (David and Stewart, 41). Anyway in Kuwait transportation foundation is all around created with global standard air terminals, dealer marine and ports and terminals, very much associated cleared streets and great wareho using office to store imported vehicles (CIA, 1). 2.2 Communication foundation : For global exchanges smooth correspondence with clients and providers by various channels like mail, telephone or computerized and electronic media is urgent for smooth business exchanges, sharing of data, item advancement, auspicious choices and conveyance of item and in various nations significance of various stations fluctuates (David and Stewart, 62). Kuwait is a created nation with profoundly created correspondences framework. 2.3 Public Utilities foundation : Public Utilities framework like power, water, sewage and gas are critical for working a distribution center and foundation of corporate office since absence of sufficient and solid gracefully of these things upset the working of business and increment the expense of tasks (David and Stewart, 65). In Kuwait power and gas are modest and effectively accessible and water provided by desalination is moderate and solid with great sewage framework. 2.4 Banking Service and Retail Distribution Channels : Banking framework is basic for budgetary exchanges and lessens the danger of universal business exchanges and encourages different administrations like alternatives showcase supporting for supporting cash variance dangers. A very much grew retail dissemination channel gives clients item accessibility at comfort and nearness and helps a lot in advancing the vehicle by store advancement and increment the purpose of

Newsmakers COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Newsmakers COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog It is not uncommon to see SIPA faculty, students, and alumni in the news.   Below are a few recent examples. Helping TANF Help Children Professor Swati Desai has been appointed as a senior advisor to the Urban Institute, on a project to improve state performance measures for TANF â€" Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. TANF is a federal program, providing cash assistance to indigent families with dependent children. The program is funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, providing block grants to states, which administer their individual programs. Desai, an expert in performance management, will spend much of 2011 advising the Urban Institute in choosing and analyzing the data for states that have implemented state-level TANF performance measurement systems that includes both outcome and process indicators and have been identified as having promising practices. “As planning for TANF reauthorization approaches, there is a focus on improving the program’s accountability structure,” said Desai. “The program was created to help needy families reach self-sufficiency by providing cash assistance, work opportunities, and other services. But under the current accountability structure, it is difficult to know whether the program is actually meeting this goal.  The Urban Institute study will help inform the policy debate by conducting in-depth case studies of a few states.” Desai is an associate professor at SIPA, teaching public and nonprofit management, and performance management. She previously served in a variety of positions with the City of New Yorks Human Resources Administration, most recently as Executive Deputy Commissioner for the Office of Evaluation and Research, which provides cash assistance, food stamps, and Medicaid to residents. Wikileaks Stephen Sestanovich writes “Americas Facile, Self-Congratulatory Response to Wikileaks,” in The New Republic. Here is short excerpt from the article: The case for confidentiality in diplomatic communications doesnt make exceptions. Most negotiations can’t be successful if every moveâ€"every embarrassing concession in which you compromise a point today that you declared sacrosanct yesterdayâ€"is made in public. By and large, because the United States is so powerful, we actually gain the most from confidentiality. Secrecy can shield the concessions that others make to us. Without it, they are more stubborn, more fearful, less able to act. On the Front Lines of Dont Ask, Dont Tell On  December 18, Congress voted to repeal Dont Ask, Dont Tell. Veteran and SIPA  alumnus Justin Johnson (MIA 10) writes  in the NY Daily News: Our battalion faced fierce combat as the 1,000 or so Marines conducted stability and security operations in a city of over 300,000. The bonds we formed in combat inspire and drive me to this day. The difficulty of this combat tour forced me to confront my own mortality and make sense of what I experienced and what it meant for my life. I made the incredibly difficult decision to come out to my family and to leave active duty when my period of required service expired in June of 2005. I wanted to stay in the Marines, but did not want to serve in an environment where my entire life and career could be upended because of who I am regardless of my performance in the position. More

Evidence Base for Anxiety Disorders - 3270 Words

1. Introduction This paper provides a brief overview of evidence based psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. It addresses the following questions: †¢ How common are anxiety disorders? †¢ What psychological treatments have empirical support? †¢ What recovery rates can be achieved with these treatments? †¢ How enduring are their effects? †¢ Is there value in combining psychological treatments with medication? Psychological treatments can be delivered in a variety of formats. This paper restricts itself to the traditional, and most extensively researched, format of face-to-face contact with a fully qualified therapist. For most anxiety disorders the therapy sessions are once weekly for 60-90 minutes†¦show more content†¦No other psychological treatment was considered by NICE to be effective in anxiety disorders in general. However, Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (which some people argue is a form of CBT) was supported in posttraumatic stress disorder. NICE has not yet commissioned guidance for the two remaining anxiety disorders (social phobia and specific phobia) or for a closely linked condition that is common in primary care (hypochondriasis/severe health anxiety). However, the RCT findings for each of these disorders are very similar to those obtained in the four disorders that are currently covered by NICE guidance. In particular, for each disorder there are RCTs that show that CBT is: superior to no treatment5-9, superior to a similarly credible alternative psychosocial treatment5 7 10 11, and at least as effective as medication12-16. No other psychological treatment approach for these disorders has been supported in randomized controlled trials. Although non-CBT approaches have not yet received significant support in RCTs, a recent non-randomized comparison between CBT and two other therapies has been interpreted by some media commentators as evidence that non-CBT approaches are as effective as CBT. This interpretation is unwarranted. In the study17 NHS therapists working in primary and secondary care were invited to use a standardized symptom questionnaire (the CORE-OM) with their patients and to submit the questionnaires to a centralShow MoreRelatedMethodological Issues And Challenges To Improve The Study Of Effective Treatments For Psychological Disorders?879 Words   |  4 PagesThe methodological issues and challenges that are unique to a psychological research of effective treatments for psychological disorders are to reduce the burden of mental illness and behavioral disorders by improving the treatments. The importance of completing these goals is by developing and improving the use of treatments. According to our t ext, â€Å"single-subject designs allows true experimental control of the independent variables because its cause and effect conclusions can be fairly accurateRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders1665 Words   |  7 PagesAnxiety Disorders With having so many natural explanations for the potential development of a mood disorder, do anxiety disorders also have natural components? The study conducted by Balik, et al. (2014) didn’t only contain findings of PMS and mood disorders; they also found evidence relating PMS to anxiety disorders. They reported that â€Å"more than half of women with PMS have a history of anxiety† (p 373). Does this mean that PMS is indicative of an anxiety disorder or is it the other way aroundRead MoreEssay on Social Phobia Disorder1149 Words   |  5 Pagesphobia is a kind of disorder, which involves fear regarding societal situations and accomplishable destructive criticism. Social phobia is the greatest general psychiatric problem in epidemiological examination, with estimation of life time occurrence in western circle as more as 16%. Common phobia generally come out in adolescence and is associated with deep distress, destruction and comorbid problem. Females in clinical tria ls are higher possible than males to social anxiety disorder, with various neuroscienceRead MoreEssay about Anxiety Disorder1441 Words   |  6 Pagesmany psychological disorders, anxiety disorders are the most predominant in the United States. According to Antony (2011), anxiety disorders affect nearly 28.8 percent of the population. An extreme and unrealistic anxiety is the most common symptom that characterizes all the psychological conditions within the category of anxiety disorders. The category includes specific phobia, agoraphobia, social phobia, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsiveRead MoreWhat Constitutes Cognitive Behavioral Therapy?846 Words   |  4 Pagesmany ways to differentiate behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and therapy that is based on both behavioral and cognitive therapies. There is empirical evidence that shows that cognitive behavioral therapy is quite effective in treating several cond itions, including personality, anxiety, mood, eating, substance abuse, and psychotic disorders. Treatment is often manualized, as specific psychological orders are treated with specific technique-driven brief, direct, and time-limited treatments. CognitiveRead MoreMindfulness: Treatment for Mood Disorder in Teens1045 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This is an experimental study to test if teens with mood disorders have fewer symptoms when they practice P.E.A.C.E.? PEACE is an acronym for a mindfulness practice attending to the breath, body, thoughts, and emotions. P is for pause; E is for exhale; A is for acknowledged; C is for choice; E is for engage. Mindfulness has the potential to have a impact on teens with mood disorders by enhancing awareness, self-management, self-acceptance. Meditation is used in clinical practiceRead MoreAnxiety And Anxiety Of Anxiety1018 Words   |  5 PagesANXIETY Anxiety is an emotion distinguished by feelings of tension, uneasy thoughts and physical changes caused by anticipation of danger. Anxiety can also be defined as a critical developmental stage related to change, dispute, and perceived control of the environment (Potter and Perry, 2014). Encountering occasional anxiety is a normal lifestyle, as everyone feels anxious from stressful situations that might make him/her nervous or fearful. In fact, mild anxiety might help an individual be moreRead MoreGenetics And Genetics Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone with any mental health disorder always wonders if genetics can be linked to the disorder they have. It has been said that risk of genetics being a factor in anxiety disorders is less likely to be a switch more than a problematic mix of genetics that can put a person at risk. Researchers have said that anxiety disorders can be due to hostile childhood experiences. Efforts identifying the specific DNA mutations to the heritability of anxiety disorders establish any independent suspicious lociRead MoreEssay On Genetics And Anxiety Disorders882 Words   |  4 PagesGenetics and Anxiety Disorders Everyone with any mental health disorder always wonders if linkage of genetics is part of the disorder they have. People have said that risk of genetics being a factor in anxiety disorders is less likely to be a switch more than a problematic mix of genetics that can put a person at risk. Researchers have said that anxiety disorders can be due to hostile childhood experiences. Efforts to identify the specific DNA mutations to the heritability of anxiety disorders establishRead MoreAnetylysis Case Study797 Words   |  4 Pageswith any mental health disorder always wonders if genetics can be linked to the disorder they have. It has been said that risk of genetics being a factor in anxiety disorders is less likely to be a switch more than a problematic mix of genetics that can put a person at risk. Researchers have said that anxiety disorders can be due to hostile childhood experiences. Efforts identifying the specific DNA mutations to the heritability of anxiety disorders establish any independent suspicious loci, but

Performance and Management Essay examples - 1640 Words

Phase III: Performance and Management A. Policy For Recognizing Employee Contributions The purpose of this report is to use the compensation system we previously developed in Phases I and II to pay people, develop plans that reward performance, add benefits into the mix, and evaluate these results. First we will look at performance-based-pay as a policy for recognizing employee contributions. Performance-based-pay is a pay plan that varies with some measure of individual or organizational performance, such as merit pay, lump-sum bonus plans, skill-based pay, incentive plans, variable pay plans, risk sharing, and success sharing. It is basically a pay plan that moves away from the traditional base pay and across-the-board increases, and†¦show more content†¦Implementation a. Matching FastCat Jobs With Benchmark Survey Jobs When matching FastCat jobs with benchmark survey jobs we first had to separate the jobs at FastCat into four different job families: engineering, technical, marketing, and administration. We started off with sixteen FastCat positions of the various job families and matched them with the benchmark jobs based on the responsibilities of the job as well as the experience and competencies required to hold the position. For example, take the engineering family. For the Engineer 1 of the benchmark survey job, it is described by the following statements: â€Å"Participates in development, testing and documentation of software programs. Performs design and analysis tasks as a project team member. Typical minimum requirements are a Bachelor’s degree in a scientific field or the equivalent and up to two years of experience.† We compared that to the Usability Engineer in our own organization. Some responsibilities of the Usability Engineer are as follows: â€Å"Contributes to the development and implementation of FastCat web applications,† â€Å"work with FastCat quality assurance to ensure integrity of FastCat software; test, debug, and fix data,† and â€Å"design appropriate software testing strategies.† The position requires a B.S. degree in Computer Science or related field plus at leastShow MoreRelatedPerformance Management Performance Management Performance Management2240 Words   |  9 PagesTo look into the performance measures for a hospital and also an electrical goods retailer. From this I will look into a few companies of each and write what sort of performance measures they use and if their management priorities. Management Coursework Performance Management For this assignment I have been assigned to look into the performance measures for a hospital and also an electrical goods retailer. From this I will look into a few companies of each and write what sort of Read MoreThe Management Of Performance Management Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesThere seem to be a multitude of definitions for Performance Management. Here are several of these definitions: â€Å"Performance management is a process by which managers and employees work together to plan, monitor and review an employee’s work objectives and overall contribution to the organization. More than just an annual performance review, performance management is the continuous process of setting objectives, assessing progress and providing on-going coaching and feedback to ensure that employeesRead MorePerformance Management2643 Words   |  11 PagesSupporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management ASSIGNMENT Activity1 1. Two Purposes of Performance Management and its relationships to business objectives. Performance management is a repetitive process, established by organisations to help them in accomplishing their objectives (goals, as listed in the organisation’s vision) by maximizing the performance of an individual, team or whole organisation and ensure that the objectives are achieved. 1 The Performance Management Process is a key componentRead MorePerformance Management2397 Words   |  10 PagesThere are many purposes of a Performance Management System and its relation to business objectives which include: (i) Strategic (ii) Administrative (iii) Informational (iv) Developmental (v) Organisational maintenance (vi) Documentation (i) Strategic purpose: linking individual goals with the organisations goals and communicating the most crucial business strategic initiatives. This increases employee loyalty and retention, thereby improving the overall performance of the organisation. (ii)Read MorePerformance Analysis : Performance Management Essay2272 Words   |  10 PagesAnnual performance reviews are not an effective form of performance management system to measure the employee’s performance because they can be biased, waste of managerial time, too sporadic to make a lasting impact, and can affect the employee’s behavior. All companies strive to be successful at meeting their company goals in a time efficient manner. As time goes on, companies are realizing the key to a successful business is happy employees. Companies must experiment with new methods to find theRead MorePerformance Management : Quality Management1247 Words   |  5 Pages Performance Management Pearl Mathieu California Southern University HRM 87504 Due December 20, 2016 Dr. Brett Gordon â€Æ' Performance Management Performance management is a continuous process in which employees and managers work together to monitor, plan, and review their employees’ overall performance and their contribution to the organization. Additionally, globalization is bringing about an increase in competition in the workplace, therefore there is a need for an organization to regularlyRead MorePerformance Management And Selection Management1460 Words   |  6 PagesTwo HR Systems. 1. Performance management and selection 2. Strategic Reward Management. Performance Management Performance management is a process where the full complement of owners, managers and employees work in unison to achieve the best result for the organization. One annual performance review does not constitute performance management. Continuous improvement is the desired goal and this can be achieved by setting specified organizational objectives, allocating these to specified employeesRead MorePerformance Management System : Management929 Words   |  4 PagesWeaveTech Performance Management System Performance management is the process a business uses to assess and determine the efficiency in achieving set objectives. A durable performance management system relies on a trusting relationship between employees and employers. When employees doubt the credibility of employers, they also distrust the results of any performance management metrics that are produced. Inconsistent feedback from management can result in poor performance and cause confusion or resentmentRead MorePerformance Management : Quality Management1902 Words   |  8 Pages Performance Management Performance Management in its simplest meaning is a method of computing employees contribution in organization growth and sustainability. And also evaluating whether the targets set by Organization own self is achieved or not. Performance management is a process of planning monitoring and reviewing the employees’ work and his objectives and his contribution towards organization objectives’. Performance management is all about measurement of employee’sRead MorePerformance Management Essay866 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction 4 Performance Potential 5 Understanding TMS Grid 9 TMS Appraisal Rating 11 Special Cases 14 The TMS Process 15 Use of TMS Rating 19 Advantages of the System 19 Gaps in the System 19 Abstract This project us gave the opportunity to analyze and explore performance management system at Bajaj Allianz. We have explored the performance appraisal part of the same namely understanding the Talent Management System (TMS) and its use

Objectives and Measurement Free Essays

The main goals that hard core will be aimed at achieving for a period of one year are:- 1. To improve the health statues of people by serving a minimum of 50customers per day.   The main objective of hard core is to improve the health status of the people. We will write a custom essay sample on Objectives and Measurement or any similar topic only for you Order Now    For the start a minimum of 50 customers will be served within one day.   People will be advices on the diets to take so that their health status improves.   Teachings on maintaining the required weight shall also be offered. Our customers shall be taught on the kind of lifestyle to lead in order to keep their bodies strong and free from preventable diseases.   Also our customers shall be educated on the kind of exercised to carry out regularly so as to maintain their bodies and remain strong.   Also educate our customer about nutrition values of various foods.   We shall ensure that a minimum of 50 customers have been served per day. 2. To ensure 99% efficiency in offering quality services.   We shall ensure that any service offered by hard core is within the best standards.   Health issues are very crucial and sensitive to somebody’s life.   A small mistake can lead to the death or deterioration of the health of a customer.   Therefore we look forward to offering the best services to our customers. 3. To buy 30 equipments by the end of the year for the start hardcore shall be having the basic equipments for weight measurements, skin treatment, and body massage to ensure a smooth running during the start.   But as time will go by hardcore targets at buying 30 equipments for offering our trainings. 4.To reduce the cost of services by 10% compared to our competitors for hardcore to expand and have more customers it will be charging lower prices to all the services it will be offering our prices will be lower by 10% compared to those charged by our competitors. 5. To build one big recreational hall for practicing by the year 2009.   Hardcore has got many professionals like nutritionist, dietitians, naturopathic doctors, dermatologist, the rapist, personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapist and psychiatrist.   Each and everyone of this professional require his own room. This room should be enough and spacious to accommodate at least four people and some equipments.   So for hardcore to be efficient in offering all its services a recreational hall should be build by the year 2009. 6. To buy at least five televisions sets for our customers to be watching while waiting to be served by the end of year 2008.   Hardcore should buy at least five televisions that will be installed at the halls to keep customers busy as they wait to be served.   These television sets should also be used to offer basic teaching to customers to issues like diets, nutrition, prevention of diseases, the importance of maintaining health bodies.   Therefore these televisions will assist offering some basic teachings to our customers. 7. To increase our monthly sales by 10% by the year 2009/ hardcore will have its own retail shop.   This shop will be selling equipments for homes, clothing, other supplements and nutritional valued light foods and drinks to compliment the services it offers.   Hardcore will target at increasing its monthly sales by 10% as from the year 2009. 8. To own our own  ½ acre piece of land by the year 2009. For hardcore to offer its services efficiently it need to won  ½ on acre piece of land by 2009. 10. To have a well trained team of 90 professionals within the first 6 months of starting.   Hardcore should have at least 90 well trained professionals like nutritionists, dietitians, naturopathic doctors, dermatologist, therapist and many more others.   These professionals are the once to ensure that hard core is fulfilling its main mission of improving the health status of its customers. Performance Measurement Performance measurement is vital in all organizations because the organizations need to verify the validity of the selection methods; they also need to do performance measurement in order to improve productivity of the organization. As much as this may seem an important and key aspect of management, still it has a lot more difficulties associated with it. Some of the main factors that may make performance measurement to be more challenging are the measurement problems that make it impossible the supervisors (those in charge of the performance measurement) to tell the juniors or subordinates that they are below the average standards. How should the organization deal with such situations? In order for organizations to do performance measurement well, then they should carefully study the job, systematically and scientifically, in order to determine the nature and characteristics of the job, knowledge, skills and experience required for the successful performance of the job. They should collect all the vital information related to the job. They should then look at the specific individual tasks that comprise the job and qualifications necessary to do the job. This is called job analysis that involves determining the content of the job in terms of what the worker is expected to do, methods and techniques used, and lastly, the conditions and skills required for the job. For proper job measurement, the management must adopt the following process and the methods of job measurements that follow: Management should identify and isolate the component tasks of the job. They should examine when, why and the tasks are done. Find out the duties and responsibilities involved in the job. Identify the working conditions involved in the job. Determine the demands which the job has on the job holder. Know the job relationships. After gathering all these, management can now use the methods of job measurement to know whether the job is being done s it is supposed to be done. The various methods of job measurement include: Performance rating Critical incident MBO Performance Rating Under performance rating values such as creativity, initiative, dependability, knowledge etc assigned to the job and the rating is presented on a scale like this and questions are asked. To what extent does this person demonstrate creativity and then the scores given for the question give the rating of the employee. This method has a number of problems like: a) Managers may be inclined to give everyone a high rating and hence failure to differentiate them. b) Managers may tend to be influenced by most recent performance rather than general performance. Critical Incident Good and bad performance incidents are recorded at the end of the period. The more the good performance incidents the better the employee. The major problem is that this type of job measurement is comparative and qualitative and cannot determine the actual performance on the job. MBO Here the performance of the job is rated as per the objectives set at the begging of the period i.e. sales targets set as 15% and then the sale representative gets 15%, he will get a positive sales performance order and vice versa. For this method of appraisal to be effective there must be a clear understanding between the employer and the employee at the point of setting the objectives. The authority and recourses necessary to achieve the objectives must be delegated to the managers. References Lnick F. John and WillinLee Ziegler, sales promotion and modern Merchandising, McGraw Hill. How to cite Objectives and Measurement, Essay examples

Women Role in Society in Uzbekistan free essay sample

The population of Uzbekistan is exceedingly young. In the early 1990s, about half the population was under nineteen years of age. Experts expected this demographic trend to continue for some time because Uzbekistans population growth rate has been quite high for the past century: on the eve of the collapse of the Soviet Union, only Tajikistan had a higher growth rate among the Soviet republics. Between 1897 and 1991, the population of the region hat is now Uzbekistan more than quintupled, while the population of the entire territory of the former Soviet Union had not quite doubled. In 1991 the natural rate of population increase (the birth rate minus the death rate) in Uzbekistan was 28. 3 per 1,000more than four times that of the Soviet Union as a whole, and an increase from ten years earlier (see table 2, Appendix). These characteristics are especially pronounced in the Autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan (the Uzbek form for which is Qoroqalpoghiston Respublikasi), Uzbekistans we sternmost region. In 1936, as part of Stalins nationality policy, the Karakalpaks (a Turkic Muslim group whose name literally means black hat) were given their own territory in western Uzbekistan, which was declared an autonomous Soviet socialist republic to define its ethnic differences while maintaining it within the republic of Uzbekistan. In 1992 Karakalpakstan received republic status within independent Uzbekistan. Since that time, the central government in Tashkent has maintained pressure and tight economic ties that have kept the republic from exerting full independence. Today, the population of Karakalpakstan is about 1. 3 million people who live on a territory of roughly 168,000 square kilometers. Located in the fertile lower reaches of the Amu Darya where the river empties into the Aral Sea, Karakalpakstan has a long history of irrigation agriculture. Currently, however, the shrinking of the Aral Sea has made Karakalpakstan one of the poorest and most environmentally devastated parts of Uzbekistan, if not the entire former Soviet Union. Because the population of that region is much younger than the national average (according to the 1989 census, nearly three-quarters of the population was younger than twenty-nine years), the rate of population growth is quite high. In 1991 the rate of natural growth in Karakalpakstan was reportedly more than thirty births per 1,000 and slightly higher in the republics rural areas. Karakalpakstan is also more rural than Uzbekistan as a whole, with some of its administrative regions (rayony ; sing. , rayon ) having only villages and no urban centersan unusual situation in a former Soviet republic. The growth of Uzbekistans population was in some part due to in-migration from other parts of the former Soviet Union. Several waves of Russian and Slavic in-migrants arrived at various times in response to the industrialization of Uzbekistan in the early part of the Soviet period, following the evacuations of European Russia during World War II, and in the late 1960s to help reconstruct Tashkent after the 1966 earthquake. At various other times, non-Uzbeks arrived simply to take advantage of opportunities they perceived in Central Asia. Recently, however, Uzbekistan has begun to witness a net emigration of its European population. This is especially true of Russians, who have faced increased discrimination and uncertainty since 1991 and seek a more secure environment in Russia. Because most of Uzbekistans population growth has been attributable to high rates of natural increase, the emigration of Europeans is expected to have little impact on the overall size and demographic structure of Uzbekistans population. Demographers project that the population, currently growing at about 2. percent per year, will increase by 500,000 to 600,000 annually between the mid-1990s and the year 2010. Thus, by the year 2005 at least 30 million people will live in Uzbekistan. High growth rates are expected to give rise to increasingly sharp population pressures that will exceed those experienced by most other former Soviet republics. Indeed, five of the eight most densely populated provinces of the former Soviet UnionAndijon, Farghona , Tashkent, Namangan, and Khorazmare located in Uzbekistan, and populations continue to grow rapidly in all five. In 1993 the average population density of Uzbekistan was about 48. inhabitants per square kilometer, compared with a ratio of fewer than six inhabitants per square kilometer in neighboring Kazakstan. The distribution of arable land in 1989 was estimated at only 0. 15 hectares per person. In the early 1990s, Uzbekistans population growth had an increasingly negative impact on the environment, on the economy, and on the potential for increased ethnic tension. lt;gt;Ethnic Composition Updated population figures for Uzbekistan. UzbekistanUzbekistan Ethnic CompositionUzbekistan Population pressures have exacerbated ethnic tensions. In 1995 about 71 percent of Uzbekistans population was Uzbek. The chief minority groups were Russians (slightly more than 8 percent), Tajiks (officially almost 5 percent, but believed to be much higher), Kazaks (about 4 percent), Tatars (about 2. 5 percent), and Karakalpaks (slightly more than 2 percent). In the mid-1990s, Uzbekistan was becoming increasingly homogeneous, as the outflow of Russians and other minorities continues to increase and as Uzbeks return from other parts of the former Soviet Union. According to unofficial data, between 1985 and 1991 the number of nonindigenous individuals in Uzbekistan declined from 2. to 1. 6 million. The increase in the indigenous population and the emigration of Europeans have increased the self-confidence and often the self-assertiveness of indigenous Uzbeks, as well as the sense of vulnerability among the Russians in Uzbekistan. The Russian population, as former colonizers, was reluctant to learn the local language or to adapt to local co ntrol in the post-Soviet era. In early 1992, public opinion surveys suggested that most Russians in Uzbekistan felt more insecure and fearful than they had before Uzbek independence. The irony of this ethnic situation is that many of these Central Asian ethnic groups in Uzbekistan were artificially created and delineated by Soviet fiat in the first place. Before the Bolshevik Revolution, there was little sense of an Uzbek nationhood as such; instead, life was organized around the tribe or clan (see Entering the Twentieth Century, this ch. ). Until the twentieth century, the population of what is today Uzbekistan was ruled by the various khans who had conquered the region in the sixteenth century. But Soviet rule, and the creation of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in October 1924, ultimately created and solidified a new kind of Uzbek identity. At the same time, the Soviet policy of cutting across existing ethnic and linguistic lines in the region to create Uzbekistan and the other new republics also sowed tension and strife among the Central Asian groups that inhabited the region. In particular, the territory of Uzbekistan was drawn to include the two main Tajik cultural centers, Bukhoro and Samarqand, as well as parts of the Fergana Valley to which other ethnic groups could lay claim. This readjustment of ethnic politics caused animosity and territorial claims among Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, and others through much of the Soviet era, but conflicts grew especially sharp after the collapse of central Soviet rule. The stresses of the Soviet period were present among Uzbekistans ethnic groups in economic, political, and social spheres. An outbreak of violence in the Fergana Valley between Uzbeks and Meskhetian Turks in June 1989 claimed about 100 lives. That conflict was followed by similar outbreaks of violence in other parts of the Fergana Valley and elsewhere. The civil conflict in neighboring Tajikistan, which also involves ethnic hostilities, has been perceived in Uzbekistan (and presented by the Uzbekistani government) as an external threat that could provoke further ethnic conflict within Uzbekistan. Thousands of Uzbeks living in Tajikistan have fled the civil war there and migrated back to Uzbekistan, for example, just as tens of thousands of Russians and other Slavs have left Uzbekistan for northern Kazakstan or Russia. Crimean Tatars, deported to Uzbekistan at the end of World War II, are migrating out of Uzbekistan to return to the Crimea. Two ethnic schisms may play an important role in the future of Uzbekistan. The first is the potential interaction of the remaining Russians with the Uzbek majority. Historically, this relationship has been based on fear, colonial dominance, and a vast difference in values and norms between the two populations. The second schism is among the Central Asians themselves. The results of a 1993 public opinion survey suggest that even at a personal level, the various Central Asian and Muslim communities often display as much wariness and animosity toward each other as they do toward the Russians in their midst. When asked, for example, whom they would not like to have as a son- or daughter-in-law, the proportion of Uzbek respondents naming Kyrgyz and Kazaks as undesirable was about the same as the proportion that named Russians. (About 10 percent of the Uzbeks said they would like to have a Russian son- or daughter-in-law. ) And the same patterns were evident when respondents were asked about preferred nationalities among their neighbors and colleagues at work. Reports described an official Uzbekistani government policy of discrimination against the Tajik minority. More about the lt;gt;Population of Uzbekistan. UzbekistanUzbekistan Other Social AffiliationsUzbekistan Other social factors also define the identities and loyalties of individuals in Uzbekistan and influence their behavior. Often regional and clan identities play an important role that supersedes specifically ethnic identification. In the struggle for political control or access to economic resources, for example, regional alliances often prevail over ethnic identities. A United States expert has identified five regionsthe Tashkent region, the Fergana Valley, Samarqand and Bukhoro, the northwest territories, and the southern regionthat have played the role of a power base for individuals who rose to the position of first secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan. Often clan-based, these regional allegiances remain important in both the politics and the social structure of post-Soviet Uzbekistan. UzbekistanUzbekistan Language and LiteratureUzbekistan As with ethnic patterns and boundaries of post-Soviet Uzbekistan, the dominant native language, Uzbek, is in many ways a creation of the Soviet state. Indeed, until the beginning of the Soviet period, the languages spoken among the native population presented a colorful and diverse mosaic. Under Soviet rule, officially at least, this mosaic was replaced by Uzbek, which almost overnight became the official language of the Turkic population of the republic. But Russian, which at the same time was declared the international language of Uzbekistan, was favored above even Uzbek in official usage. Many Russian words made their way into Uzbek because Russian was the language of higher education, government, and economic activity throughout the Soviet era. In the 1980s, Uzbeks began a strong effort to eliminate the recent Russian borrowings from the language. The Latin alphabet was introduced to begin a gradual process of replacing the Cyrillic alphabet. But in the mid-1990s Russian still was widely used in official and economic circles. lt;gt;Linguistic Background lt;gt;Influences in the Soviet Period lt;gt;Language in the 1990s lt;gt;LiteratureUzbekistanUzbekistan Linguistic BackgroundUzbekistan Uzbek is a Turkic language of the Qarluq family, closely related to Uyghur and Kazak. Although numerous local dialects and variations of the language are in use, the Tashkent dialect is the basis of the official written language. The dialects spoken in the northern and western parts of Uzbekistan have strong Turkmen elements because historically many Turkmen lived in close proximity to the Uzbeks in those regions. The dialects in the Fergana Valley near Kyrgyzstan show some Kyrgyz influence. Especially in the written dialect, Uzbek also has a strong Persian vocabulary element that stems from the historical influence of Iranian culture throughout the region (see Early History, this ch. ). Uzbek has a relatively short history as a language distinct from other Turkic dialects. Until the establishment of the Soviet republics boundaries in the 1920s, Uzbek was not considered a language belonging to a distinct nationality. It was simply a Turkic dialect spoken by a certain segment of the Turkic population of Central Asia, a segment that also included the ruling tribal dynasties of the various states. The regional dialects spoken in Uzbekistan today reflect the fact that the Turkic population of Southern Central Asia has always been a mixture of various Turkic tribal groups (see Ethnic Groups, ch. 1; Social Structure, ch. ; Population, ch. 5). When the present-day borders among the republics were established in 1929, all native peoples living in Uzbekistan (including Tajiks) were registered as Uzbeks regardless of their previous ethnic identity. Until 1924 the written Turkic language of the region had been Chaghatai, a language that had a long and brilliant history as a veh icle of literature and culture after its development in the Timurid state of Herat in the late fifteenth century. Chaghatai also was the common written language of the entire region of Central Asia from the Persian border to Eastern Turkestan, which was located in todays China. The language was written in the Arabic script and had strong Persian elements in its grammar and vocabulary. Experts identify the Herat writer Ali Shir Navai as having played the foremost role in making Chaghatai a dominant literary language. In modern Uzbekistan, Chaghatai is called Old Uzbek; its origin in Herat, which was an enemy state of the Uzbeks, is ignored or unknown. Use of the language was continued by the Uzbek khanates that conquered the Timurid states. Some early Uzbek rulers, such as Mukhammad Shaybani Khan, used Chaghatai to produce excellent poetry and prose. The seventeenth-century Khivan ruler Abulgazi Bahadur Khan wrote important historical works in Chaghatai. However, all of those writers also produced considerable literature in Persian. Chaghatai continued in use well into the twentieth century as the literary language of Central Asia. Early twentieth-century writers such as Fitrat wrote in Chaghatai. In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Chaghatai was influenced by the efforts of reformers of the Jadidist movement, who wanted to Turkify and unite all of the written languages used in the Turkic world into one written language (see The Russian Conquest, this ch. . These efforts were begun by the Crimean Tatar Ismail Gaspirali (Gasprinskiy in Russian), who advocated this cause in his newspaper Terjuman (Translator). Gaspirali called on all the Turkic peoples (including the Ottoman Turks, the Crimean and Kazan Tatars, and the Central Asians) to rid their languages of Arabic, Persian, and other foreign elements and to standardize their orthography and lexicon. Because of this effort, by the early 1920s the Turkic languages of Central Asia had lost some of the Persian influence. UzbekistanUzbekistan Influences in the Soviet PeriodUzbekistan Unfortunately for the reformers and their efforts to reform the language, following the national delimitation the Soviet government began a deliberate policy of separating the Turkic languages from each other. Each nationality was given a separate literary language. Often new languages had to be invented where no such languages had existed before. This was the case for Uzbek, which was declared to be a continuation of Chaghatai and a descendant of all of the ancient Turkic languages spoken in the region.